Genetic Variability of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Burns Patients

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial pathogen that provides a major challenge in the healthcare environment, especially in burns units where patients are particularly susceptible to infections. In this study, we sought to determine molecular types of S. aureus isolates collected from burns patients, based on staphylococcal protein A and coagulase gene polymorphisms. METHODS: Antibiotic susceptibility testing of 89 S. aureus strains isolated from burn wounds of patients was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Strains were characterized by spa typing, coa typing, and resistance and toxin gene profiling. RESULTS: A total of 12 different spa types were identified with the majority being t790 (18%). Panton-Valentine leucocidin encoding genes were identified in spa types t044 (5.6%), t852 (2.2%) and t008 (2.2%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance gene was ant (4′)-Ia (60.7%). Ten different coa types were detected and the majority of the tested isolates belonged to coa III (47.2%). All the high-level mupirocin-resistant and low-level mupirocin resistant strains belonged to coa type III. CONCLUSION: The present study illustrated that despite the high frequency of coa III and spa t790 types, the genetic background of S. aureus strains in Iranian burns patients was diverse. The findings obtained are valuable in creating awareness of S. aureus infections within burns units.

Bacteria as a vehicle in cancer therapy and drug delivery

Although the conventional therapies have obviously improved the conditions of patients with cancer, some mechanisms of resistance have led scientists to use alternative agents that can penetrate in most solid tumors. Furthermore, the success of cancer therapies depends on limiting the uptake of toxins to normal tissues and their selectivity towards malignant cells. The involvement of natural and genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species, as potential antitumor agents, has led scientists to study bacteria and their products as an ideal vector for delivering therapeutic components to tumors. Moreover, bacterial ghosts, microbots and bactofection are the other strategies to destruct the malignant tissues. Although it has shown to achieve successful results in vivo, further investigations on the targeting mechanisms of the bacteria are needed to make it a complete therapeutic approach in cancer treatment

Investigation of leukemia frequency in children of Qazvin province and its correlation with gender, age, and blood groups between 2006-2016

Background: About 8 percent of all cancers in human population are related to leukemia and it is one of the most common malignancies in children. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of age, gender and blood group types with the frequency of leukemia among the children with leukemia in Qazvin province during the 2006 to 2016

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis. Investigated population was 110 children and adolescents under 18 years in the hospitals of Qazvin province. The date collecting method was through review of medical records of the patients and their analysis performed by using SPSS version 16

Results: According to data from this study, leukemia ALL-L1 is more frequent in Qazvin than other types of leukemia, and children with ages 0-5 years was more than other age groups. This disorder is more common in boys than girls, and among the patients, the people who has A and O blood groups, and Rh + are the most abundant

Conclusion: such factors like age, gender and blood groups can use as prognostic factors in children leukemia. So that leukemia in children less than 5 years old is more than any other age. In addition to that; the incidence of leukemia ALL-L1 reduced with increasing age in the general population in Qazvin and number of boys with leukemia is more than girls

antibacterial activity of Iranian plants extracts against metallo beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains

Metallo beta-lactamases [MBLs] producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa [P. aeruginosa] isolates are becoming an escalating global threat. Among the antibiotics used to treat infections associated with P. aeruginosa, resistance to carbapenem is a serious therapeutic challenge. The aim of the present study was to detect MBL-producing P. aeruginosa and to evaluate the extracts of Urtica. dioica, Carum. copticum, and Zataria multiflora on these clinical pathogens

The study was performed on hospitalized burn patients during 2014

Antibiotic susceptibility testing was assessed by broth micro dilution and disc diffusion methods. The MBLs were detected using combination disk diffusion test [CDDT] phenotypically. Then, PCR and sequencing methods were carried out to detect the MBL encoding genes. Among 83 imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains, 48 [57.9%] isolates were MBL-producing P. aeruginosa. PCR and sequencing methods confirmed that these strains were blaIMP-1 positive genes, whereas none were positive for blaVIM genes. Hospitalized burn patients with MBL-producing P.aeruginosa infection had 4/48 [8.3%] mortality rate. It was demonstrated that C. copticum, U. dioica, and Z. multiflora extracts had significant antibacterial effects on regular and IMP-producing P. aeruginosa strains

The prevalence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates in burn patients is generally very high. All MBL-producing strains encode the blaIMP-1 gene. Therefore, detection of MBL-producing strains has major importance in identifying drug resistance patterns in P. aeruginosa and in controlling of infections. In the current study, the extracts from C. copticum, U. dioica, and Z. multiflora had high antibacterial effects against beta-lactamase producing P. aeruginosa isolates?

Lentiviral vectors titration using real-time PCR

Lentiviral vectors [LVs] are useful vehicle for genetransfer to dividing and non-dividing cells and genetic manipulations. However, the use of lentiviruses in studies requires an accurate titration technique.Quantitative real-time PCR [qPCR] is a sensitive technique for the indication and quantitation of retrovirals particles. In this study, we used the qPCR for lentiviral vector titeration. The puromycin resistance gene as templates for an SYBR green-based real-time qPCR method and detect lentiviral copy number integrated lentiviral DNA. Consequently, this studyshowed that theusing ofantibioticresistance genesviral particles titration maybeefficient with highly accuracy

Survey of clinical features, pathogenesis and therapeutic options for Ebola haemorrhagic fever

The genus Ebola virus first was recognized in 1976, when two outbreaks occurred in Zaire and Sudan. Ebola virus disease [EVD] is a highly contagious disease that can affect both human and nonhuman primates: Zaire ebolavirus [ZEBOV], Sudan ebolavirus [SEBOV], Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus [CEBOV], Bundibugyo ebolavirus [BEBOV] and Reston ebolavirus [REBOV] are five members of the Filoviridae family that can cause haemorrhagic fever. EVD is transmitted by direct contact with contaminated blood or other biological fluids of the infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola is responsible for different clinical futures that can be ranged from fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, abdominal pain, anorexia and vomiting to severe respiratory disorders, viral hemorrhagic fever, cardio-vascular disorders and hypovolaemic shock. Although there is no specific treatment for EVD, considerable advances like use of monoclonal antibody, intefron and Favipiravir/T-705 as effective chemotherapeutic agent in treatment of EBV have been made. To date, 25 outbreaks of EVD have been reported. Hence, EVD as a zoonotic disease should be more focused not only in endemic area but also in throughout the world. Awareness of the disease and routes of transmission and also continuous surveillance to combat disease and outbreaks is necessary

Correlation between methylation and expression level of P15 and P16 genes during differentiation of cord blood stem cells into erythroid lineage mediated by erythropoietin

Several influential factors such as transcription factors and intracellular signaling components are involved in differentiation of stem cells into a specific lineage. P15 and p16 proteins are among these factors. Accumulating evidences has introduced the epigenetic as a master regulator of these factors during lineage specification. The main objective of this study is to determine the correlation between the expression level and methylation pattern of P15 and P16 genes in erythroid lineage after in vitro differentiation by erythropoietin [EPO]. The purified and expanded CD34+ cord blood stem cells were differentiated into erythroid lineage in the presence of EPO. DNA was isolated from both cord blood stem cells and differentiated cells. The Real-Time PCR performed using cDNA and the isolated DNA was used in methylation Specific PCR [MSP] reaction for methylation pattern analysis in both pre and post differentiation stages. The study demonstrated that P15 and P16 genes have partial methylation after erythroid differentiation by EPO. The Expression of P15 gene was higher after differentiation and the expression of P16 gene had a slightly decreased level in post differentiation stage. Significant increase in P15 gene expression after differentiation to erythroid lineage, suggests the remarkable efficacy of this gene in erythroid function. According to upregulation of P15 gene after differentiation despite unchanged methylation status and slight down regulation of P16 gene with slight hyper-methylation of the gene it can be suggested that although the methylation can affects the expression level of P16 gene, the P15 gene is not affected by this mechanism during erythroid differentiation mediated by EPO

Profile of side Effects in Patients Receiving Blood Transfusion from the Perspective of Management Unit

Background: In spite of being vital to save the patients' life, blood transition may be dangerous and even fatal, too the aim of this study was to investigate the side effects [complications] of blood transfusion in the educational hospitals of Qazvin.

Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional and practical study that was carried out in 2010. In this study, all the patients of four health training centers in Qazvin, that have had blood transfusion and complications, were considered as a part of the statistical community. The instrument for data collection was checklist which was filled through an interview with blood bank manager and some other responsible individuals and scrutinizing files of patients who had blood injection among the blood products consumption, request for the packed cells was the most and for fresh frozen plasma was the least.

Results: 75% of these people had only one blood injection and the maximum injection volume was 100cc which was done mostly in the evening. Most of the transfusion history belonged to 21-30 year olds in our statistical community. 56% of all Patients that had transfusion, possessed background of some disease such as heart problems [21.9%]. More than half of them [2.56%] had a chill feeling complication transfusion and there was a significant relationship between the blood transfusion volume and itching complication.

Conclusion: Existence of a continuous association between blood transfusion organization and hospitals is indispensable. Therefore, it seems that Hemovigilance system or computer connected network to send reports, between hospital centers and blood transfusion organization of Iran, can be an appropriate solution.

Cloning and expression of recombinant nucleoprotein of influenza H1N1

Influenza virus is the major cause of lower respiratory tract illnesses on the worldwide. Vaccination can be an effective tool to prevent its outbreak. Highly conserved viral nucleoprotein is an effective vaccine candidate to provide heterosubtypic immunity, offering resistance against various influenza virus strains. In present research NP gene was inserted in pET-22b expression vector. New construct [pET-22b/NP] was transformed into E. coli BL21 [DE3] strain and the expression of nucleoprotein was induced by IPTG. It was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western blotting. Western blotting confirmed the expression and production of recombinant Influenza nucleoprotein. These results suggest that the codon-optimized influenza A virus NP gene can be efficiently expressed in E. coli

Ineffectiveness of methylation in rgulation of VHL, ECAD, and RUNX3 genes in erythroid cells differentiated by erythropoietin

Vast variety of intermediate factors including cell cycle regulators, growth factors, transcription factors, and signaling pathways are involved in hematopoietic stem cell [HSC] commitment and differentiation into distinct lineages. VHL, Ecad, and RUNX3 are among these. Epigenetics is currently introduced as a potential mechanism to control the gene regulation. The aim of this study is to reveal the correlation between the expression level and methylation pattern of mentioned genes after in vitro differentiation of cord blood HSCs into erythroid lineage mediated by erythropoietin. After isolation and expansion, the CD34+ cord blood stem cells were divided into two parts. The first part was used to extract the DNA and RNA and the second to differentiate into erythroid lineage. Methylation specific PCR [MSP] and Real-time PCR were used to determine the methylation status and expression levels of the genes, respectively. Although the significant upregulation observed for VHL and Ecad genes and a down-regulation for RUNX3 gene after differentiation, no remarkable changes were seen in methylation pattern compared with cord blood HSCs by MSP technique. It is appearing that methylation pattern in promoter region has not an effective role in expression of VHL, Ecad, and RUNX3. Moreover, considering the inability of MSP method to detect subtle differences in methylation level a more sensitive method is needed to distinguish the methylation levels of these genes before and after erythroid differentiation

Prevalence of blaCTX-M gene in multi-resistant escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections, Tehran, Iran

The emergence and increase in the incidence of Extended-spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL] producing Escherichia coli [E. coli] has become an emerging challenge especially in hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection [UTI]. The aim of the present study was to survey the frequency of bla CTX-M genotype in ESBL producing E. coli isolated from hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection and determination of their antibiotic resistance pattern. A total of 135 E. coli isolates were collected and isolated from patients with UTI. The isolates were subjected to confirmatory phenotype tests for the presence of ESBL. 75 E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL-positive by double disc synergy test. In vitro susceptibility of ESBL isolates to 15 antimicrobial agents amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and imipenem was performed by Kirby-Bauer's Disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI, 2012] guideline. PCR method was used to identify bla CTX-M gene in 75 ESBL positive strains. PCR and sequence analysis showed that 75 [55.5%] isolates produced bla CTX-M genes. In vitro susceptibility of ESBL producing E. coli showed that all of them were resistant to amoxicillin and penicillin. The rates of resistance to the majority of tested antibiotics varied among 61% to 100%, with the exception of amikacin [14.7%] and imipenem [2.7%]. Our results showed that the frequency of bla CTX-M was strikingly high [93.3%] in patients with UTI. These data confirmed that the frequency of bla CTX-M genes was high among E. coli isolated from patients with UTI. The trend of multidrug-resistant profile has been associated with bla CTX-M gene is alarming. Therefore, it is very important to establish a routine screening of ESBL in clinical isolates to prevent dissemination of resistant isolates in health care settings

Probiotics: an update on mechanisms of action and clinical applications

Probiotics are live microbial feed supplement and can provide health benefit to the host if administered in sufficient amounts. The most predominant species that have been used as probiotic include Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Proper administration of probiotics could be efficient in the treatment of various disorders. However; their mechanism of action is poorly understood. The effects of probiotics may be classified in following modes: reinforcement of the intestinal mucosal barrier against pathogens, competition with pathogens for adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, competitive exclusion of pathogenic microorganisms, production of antimicrobial substances, modulation of the immune system and interference with quorum sensing signaling. Exploration of the clinical features of probiotic strains, their modes of action and investigation based on probiotic therapy may be beneficial in treatment of various diseases

Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran

Coagulase-negative staphylococci [CNS] are a main cause of nosocomial infection. The main purpose of this study was to determination of frequency of CNS isolates in in hospitalized patients and their susceptibility pattern to antimicrobial agents. During 11 month study, 65 CNS clinical isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients in different wards of hospital. In vitro susceptibility of isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents Penicillin; Ampicilin; Cephalothin; Cefoxitin; linezolid; Nitofurantoin; Erythromycin; Norfloxacin; Gentamicin; Vancomycin; Chloramphenicol and Oxacillin was performed by Kirby-Bauer's Disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] criteria. Out of 1875 samples of hospitalized patients 65[3.47%] patients were infected with CNS. Twenty one [32.3 %] were isolated from the urine samples, 17[26.1%] from sputum, 15[23.1%] from pus samples, 8[12.3 %] from ear swabs, 3[4.7%] from fluid and 1[1.5%] from blood sample. All of CNS isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin. The rates of resistance to the majority of antibiotics tested varied between 4.5% and 100 %. The rate of resistance to beta lactam antibiotics, Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin was high [more than 70%]. The most of isolates remained susceptible to linezolid, and nitofurantoin. All of isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Multi-drug resistant CNS with reduced susceptibility to linezolid and nitrofurantoin are emerging pathogens of clinical concern. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance with attention to multi-resistant profile and aware to practitioners in the field is necessary

Study of flagellin profiling in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa [MDRPA] isolated from burn wound infections, Tehran, Iran

Nosocomial infections of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa [MDRPA] are a growing concern in hospitalized patients in burn centers. The aim of this study was to investigate the flagellin profiling and antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolated from burn wound infections. During 8 month study, 73 clinically P. aeruginosa isolates collected from patients hospitalized in burn ward. P. aeruginosa isolates were identified using standard laboratory procedures. In vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa to 6 antimicrobial agents were investigated by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI 2012] Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. The frequency of different type of flagellin was investigated by using specific primers and by PCR method. The resistance rates of our isolates to 6 tested antimicrobial agents were relatively high. Imipenem has good activity while tobramycin and ciprofloxacin do not have any effect on P. aeruginosa isolates. Of 73 isolates 59 [80.8%] were multidrug resistant. Twenty eight of 73 isolates were resistant to all antibiotics. Agarose gel electrophoresis of chromosomal DNA exhibited that 59 isolates [80.8%] of P. aeruginosa had type A flagellin while only 14 isolates [19.2%] had type b flagellin. Given the antibiotic failure treatment, it appears that alternative ways such as immunity to prevent of these infections could be informative. Our survey of flagellin profiling of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited high frequency of type a flagellin as a major virulence factor has important role of immunity against infections caused by MDRPA. Functional surveillance of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa in order to prevention of resistance dissemination is necessary

Challenges in the treatment of Iranian patients with leukemia in comparison with developed countries from the perspective of specialists

Evaluation of the factors associated with treatment process of leukemia and comparison with current related approaches in developed countries can present a good indicator to assess the weak and strong points in healthcare system of our country in leukemia treatment. The objective of this research is general and specific description of the challenges and shortcomings in Iranian healthcare system and monitoring of hematologic malignancies as well as comparison with developed countries. Our study is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. 100 hemato-oncologist , pathologists, and faculty members throughout the country were selected by random cluster sampling. Data collected using questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.76 . SPSS and Chi-square test were used for data analysis. According to the specialists, lack of advanced diagnostic facilities as well as cell and BM banks together with high treatment expenses are the main factors contributing to poor treatment processes in Iran, which are far from worldwide standards. The use of novel currently methods used in developed countries for leukemia treatment, financial and psychological support of patients under treatment , making underprivileged provinces well-equipped ,balanced specialist service distribution relative to capital city either in diagnosis or treatment are factors which makes system standardized. Moreover, integrated institutional work in relation to leukemia incidence and statistical analysis of mortality and morbidity rate can pave the way for reducing and eliminating the problems in diagnosis and treatment of leukemia patients

Assessment of antibiotic resistance pattern in Acinetobacter baumannii carrying bla oxA type genes isolated from hospitalized patients

Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative coccobacillus and one of the most opportunistic pathogens responsible for serious infections in hospitalized patients. During a 12 months study, 221 clinical isolates and 22 environmental Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected. In vitro susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents: amikacin; cefepime; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; meropenem; piperacillin/tazobactam; sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim; imipenem; tigecycline; colistin; gentamycin; ceftriaxone; levofloxacin was performed by the disk diffusion method. Also Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MICs] of imipenem; levofloxacin and cefepime was performed by the E-test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] criteria, blaOXA-23.; blaOXA-24-, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-51genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The result of antimicrobial susceptibility test of clinical isolates by the disk diffusion method revealed that all strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam. The rates of resistance to the majority of antibiotics tested varied between 69% and 100%, with the exception of tigecycline and colistin. Of 221 isolates tested 99 [44.8%] were XDR. All strains carried a blaOXA-51, like gene. blaOXA-23 gene was the most prevalent among blaOXA-types. Colistin and tigecycline can be effective drugs for treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections Continuous Surveillance for Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant strains is necessary to prevent the further spread of resistant isolates

Study of the protective effect of teucrium polium L. extract on acetaminophen-Induced hepatotoxicity in mice

In the present study, protective effect of Teucrium polium L. [Labiatae] extract on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in mice. Animals were divided into six groups, each group consist of 8 mice. Group one as the negative control group received normal saline, while group two received only crude extract of T. polium L. [500 mg/Kg] for five days and group three as the positive group received acetaminophen [500 mg/Kg]. Groups four, five and six received crude extract in doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg, respectively, and on the fifth day, one hour after the last administration, acetaminophen was given orally [500 mg/Kg]. Then on the 6[th] day, animals were sacrificed, their blood was collected to determine serum enzyme activities of ALT, AST and ALP to measure the serum levels of directed and total bilirubin. The livers were removed for histological examination. The results of this study showed the protective effect in all doses but the most significant protection was observed in doses of 250 and 500 mg/Kg [p < 0.05]. Also these findings were supported and confirmed by histological examination

[Determination of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma polymorphism in patients with helicobacter pylori infection]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma [PPARgamma] is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in various disease processes including inflammation and carcinogenesis .This study aimed to determine polymorphism of PPARgamma gene and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrointestinal diseases in patients. Two hundred patients with helicobacter pylori infection were examined. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by histology, rapid urease test [RUT], culture, ELISA and PCR. PPARgamma polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. In total 200 patients [4 gastric cancer, 141gastritis, 35 peptic ulcer, 18 duodenal ulcer, 2 peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer] with Helicobacter pylori infection were enrolled .The frequency of PPARgamma G [Ala12] allele [5%] showed a significant association with gastric cancer [P=0.004] or gastritis [P=0.007]. PPARgamma GC [Pro12Ala] allele [35%] showed a significant association with duodenal ulcer [P=0.03] or gastritis [P=0.002]. Pro12Ala PPARgamma polymorphism is associated with gastric cancer and gastritis and is a potential marker for genetic susceptibility to these two diseases in the presence of H. pylori infection. Finally, our study suggests the potential association between PPARgamma polymorphism and H. pylori infection in the development of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer and gastritis

[Detection of Legionella pneumophila by sputum culture, direct immunofluorescence and PCR]

Community acquired pneumonia [CAP] is the main cause of mortality and morbidity world wide. Legionella pneumophila is identified as the fourth agent that causes CAP. The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of L. pneumophila among hospitalized children by culture, direct immune-fluorescence, [DFA] and PCR. In this study 210 sputum samples were collected from hospitalized children diagnosed with CAP. Samples were cultured on selective buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar [BCYE]. Existence of L. pneumophila among sputum samples was confirmed by culture, direct immunefluorescence and PCR. Our results for 210 hospitalized children showed that the sputum of 12 children, [5.7%] with acute respiratory infections was positive for L. pneumophila. Of the 12 positive samples 3, [25%] were detected by culture; 5 by DFA, [41.6%]; and 9 by PCR, [75%]. PCR is more sensitive than culture and DFA for detection of Legionella pneumonia in sputum samples

Distribution of Integrons among Multidrug Resistant E. coli and Klebsiella Strains, Isolated from Children with urinary tract infection

The aim of this study was to identify multidrug resistant isolates of Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae causing urinary tract infections [UTI] in children and the occurrence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in the antibiotic resistant isolates. A total of 200 urine samples were processed. Urine culture was done using conventional microbiological techniques. Biochemical testing was used to identify the organisms. Susceptibility of 200 isolates to 13 antibiotics was determined and the frequency of multi-drug resistance and their association with intergron was assessed by PCR -RFLP. 171 isolates out of 200 were multi-drug resistant. Existence of intergrons was confirmed in 20.5% of these isolates. Association of multi-drug resistance to Gentamicin, Norfloxacin, Cephalotin and Nalidixic Acid with the presence of integrons was statistically significant, [p <0.002, <0.001, <0.005, and <0.004, respectively]. Imipenem and Amikacin were the most effective antibiotics against resistant isolates. Multi-drug resistance suggests that strategy for treatment of patients with Escherichia coli and K. pneumonia infections needs to be revised. The possibility of transmission of resistance genes by integrons would be decreased by treatment of patients with the appropriate antibiotics